How this works
Time = data size in bits ÷ bandwidth in bits/sec. For UART, using the baud rate directly as bps gives a reasonable estimate but ignores start/stop/parity bits (typically ~20% overhead for 8N1 framing); for protocol links like SPI/I2C/Ethernet, real throughput is also lower than raw clock rate due to protocol overhead, so treat this as a best-case theoretical number.